5From inside the characterizing dialectic, Engels composed: “Head regulations: transformation of number and top quality-shared entrance regarding polar opposites and conversion into one another when carried to help you extremes; development courtesy contradiction, or negation regarding negation; [and] the new spiral form of creativity” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic for this reason implied a broad are off amount, nature, people, and attention (seen in Greek natural philosophy); a to-be of those organizations when it comes to analytical classes (Platonism, Hegel); the fresh new exercises off correct concerns and you will answers as well as disagreement (Socrates, the Stoics); an ailment to become as well as substitute for from the a discrete and you may unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno of Elea); the new doctrine out-of realistically growing, possible basics, judgments, and results (Aristotle): the systematic destruction of all illusions regarding individual cause, and therefore inconsistently aims towards the an outright wholeness and hence disintegrates towards contradictions (Kant); the fresh subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you can absolutist (Hegel) philosophy of the heart (Geist), once the conveyed from the to be of groups.
Grams. Belinskii, An excellent. I. Herzen, and you may Letter. Grams. Chernyshevskii reached a beneficial materialist dialectic. In contrast to Hegel, they derived leading https://datingranking.net/teenchat-review/ edge findings throughout the details of eternal action and you will development: in their eyes dialectic try this new “algebra away from revolution” (look for An effective. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois thinking just after Hegel turned from the success on area of dialectic that were hit during the thinking. Hegels dialectic are refuted by a number of philosophers because the “sophistry,” an “mistake in reason,” and even an effective “diseased perversion out of brain” (Roentgen. Haym, A good. Trendelenburg, and you can E. von Hartmann). On Neo-Kantianism of your own Marburg School (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) the fresh dialectic out-of “conceptual info” is actually replaced by the “reasoning of your own statistical concept of form,” hence contributed to a great negation of the idea of substance and in order to “real idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism started to new therefore-called bad dialectic, saying that contradictions shown in axioms testify towards the nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of its stuff. The new unity regarding opposites are replaced from the a good unity out of coexisting, additional aspects with regard to reaching a combination of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic plus came up given that a blending out-of opposites, with the aid of natural intuition (B. Croce, Roentgen. Kroner, and i also. A good. Ilin). H. Bergson complex a demand with the irrational and you can purely instinctive consolidating out-of opposites, a combo getting handled since an excellent “magic.” From inside the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the dialectic was know relativistically, once the an about opportunity construction away from consciousness. Nature is generally accepted as the new industries off “positivist need,” while society is well known in the shape of “dialectical reason,” and this comes the standards off peoples understanding together with personal important feel off individuals. Almost every other existentialists (G. Marcel, Meters. Buber) treat dialectic theologically, just like the a system away from concerns and you can responses anywhere between understanding being. Details from a terrible dialectic designed because a total denial out-of fact rather than leading to a different synthesis have been developed because of the T. Adorno and you will H. Marcuse.
A constantly materialist translation regarding dialectic was available with K. Marx and you can F. Engels, brand new founders of one’s philosophy out of dialectical materialism. Shortly after significantly going-over the newest victory off before dialectic, Marx and Engels applied their doctrine towards reworking from thinking, political savings, and you may record and to the foundation of an insurance policy and plans to the gurus direction. V. I. Lenin generated a great contribution into the development of materialist dialectic. The fresh new classics out of Marxism-Leninism value materialist dialectic because the doctrine of common interconnections and more general laws from development of getting and you may thought.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic is actually conveyed inside a network of groups and guidelines. 1). The law of your own unity and you will argument from opposites uses up an excellent unique place certainly all of the regulations of dialectic; Lenin called they the fresh new main core of the dialectic.